Getting consent into perspective

This article continues a debate with Gareth Jones about the ethics of anatomy. The article discusses the distinction between direct and indirect reasons to require the deceased's consent prior to anatomical use. Getting this distinction wrong has potentially radical and unwelcome implications for the ethics of many uses of dead bodies. The article then exposes an ambiguity in asking what anatomical uses are ethical: we must distinguish between, on the one hand, who ought to have the power to make decisions and, on the other, how those with power ought to exercise it. It then applies this distinction to the ethics of the public display of bodies for entertainment. Clin. Anat. 27:844–846, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Facing an Aging Society: Taiwan’s Universities in crisis

ABSTRACT

As a result of the phenomenon of a rapidly aging population and low birth rates, Taiwanese universities face a shortage of traditionally aged students and as a result must respond to older learners’ needs. In response to this demand, the Ministry of Education issued the Lifelong Learning Act in 2002 and White Paper for implementing education for older persons in an aging society in 2006. Universities now face unprecedented challenges as they play a leading role in facilitating these programs. The purpose of this article is to explore the challenges Taiwanese universities face in educating an aging society and to provide some suggestions. First, this article notes current challenges. Second, the development of the status quo of senior education is presented. Third, the changing landscape of universities is discussed. Finally, some suggestions are presented for both university administration and program developers. In conclusion, universities should grasp this opportunity to modify strategies for involving older adults.     

La douleur chez l’enfant en situation de handicap neurologique : mise au point de la Commission « déficience intellectuelle et handicap » de la Société française de neurologie pédiatrique

Management of pain is one of the major expectations of children with neurological impairment and their families. The medical literature is poor on this topic accounting for approximately 0.15 % of the publications on pain in general. The objective of the French Pediatric Neurology Society was to review the current knowledge on this topic. Bibliographic research was conducted with PubMed and RefDoc for publications between 1994 and 2014 in French or English. A total of 925 articles were retrieved and 92 were selected for review. Pain is common in this population: a 2-week survey indicated that pain occurs in 50–75 % of children. Pain negatively impacts the quality of life of children and their parents. Children with neurological impairment express their pain with pain expression patterns and specific patterns common to children (change of tone, abnormal movements, spasticity, paradoxical reactions, such as laughter, self-injury or vasomotor dysfunction). Some children with neurological impairment are able to use self-report pain scales. If not, observational measures should be used. Behavioral rating scales specifically designed for this population are more sensitive than others. Scales must be selected according to children's communication skills, type of pain, and the context. Sometimes behavioral changes are the only expression of pain: any change in sleep, tone, feeding, or mood must suggest pain in this population. Management of pain remains difficult. There are no specific guidelines. Procedural pain management guidelines and the usual analgesic drugs can be used in children with neurological impairment with specific concerns regarding tolerance and side effects. These children are particularly at risk for neuropathic pain. A multidisciplinary approach is helpful, involving physicians, nurses, physiotherapists, psychologists and parents.     

慢性肾病患者社会支持和生活质量的相关性研究?

目的：了解慢性肾病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患者的社会支持和生活质量现状并分析其相关性。方法采用多中心抽样方法,选取2014年3~6月在泸州市3所综合性医院住院的 CKD 患者200例,运用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)和肾病相关生活质量量表(KDQOL-SFTM )进行调查。结果CKD 患者客观支持得分高于全国常模(P <0.05);主观支持、社会支持利用度和社会支持总分得分低于全国常模(P <0.05)。CKD 患者生活质量低于60分项目由低到高为：肾病带来的负担(BKD)、工作状况(WS)、性功能(SexF)、体力所致工作和生活受限(RP)、总体健康(GH)。CKD 患者社会支持和生活质量呈正相关(P <0.05)。结论CKD 患者社会支持低于全国常模,与生活质量呈正相关。加强 CKD 患者的社会支持,改善患者生活质量是目前的主要任务之一。     

The Society for the Study of Addiction (SSA)

The Society for the Study of Addiction (SSA) is a learned society which is a company limited by guarantee with charitable status, an independent organization promoting the cause of research, public policy and treatment of addiction. Founded in London in 1884 with the aim of promoting a research-based understanding of inebriety, it is the oldest society of its kind. The pursuit and enhancement of evidence-based policy and treatment informed its work in the early days and has remained its organizing principle throughout its history. Led initially by medical political interests, the Society has grown to encompass a broader disciplinary base, reflecting the expansion of interest in addiction from biological, psychological and social science into nursing, social work, probation, other arms of criminal justice work and voluntary sector professionals. Today its membership is made up of researchers, practitioners and policy makers from all these disciplines, the majority of whom reside and work in the United Kingdom; its international membership makes up nearly one-third of the total membership and there are current endeavours to expand collaboration with other national societies in the field. Its activities are focused upon the Society journals, Addiction and Addiction Biology, other publishing activities, the annual symposium and a number of policy initiatives.     

大学生参与“两型社会”建设的心理动机

目的探讨大学生参与“两型社会”建设的心理动机。方法通过调查200名大学生的方式,编制出《大学生参与“两型社会”建设的调查问卷》。对505名大学生进行施测,对结果进行分析。结果①通过因素分析,大学生的心理动机由4个因素构成：幸福生活与和谐;认知与理念;资源忧患;节约环保（方差贡献率36．12％,12．52％,7．65％,6．84％）;②不同性别大学生在“认知与理念”、“节约环保”因素上评分无显著性差异（t=0．38,0．83;P〉0．05）;在“幸福生活与和谐”、“资源忧患”因素上评分均有显著性差异（t=-2．85,P〈0．01;t=-2．13,P〈0．05）;③不同区域的大学生“节约环保”因素上评分差异显著（F=0．033,P〈0．05）;在“幸福生活与和谐”、“认知与理念”、“资源忧患”因素上评分差异不显著（F=0．750,0．282,0．328;P〉O．05）。结论大学生参与“两型社会”建设的心理动机是积极的,强度较强。幸福生活追求是大学生参与“两型社会”建设的一个最重要的内在动机。大学生的心理动机受性别、专业、区域因素影响。     

离异家庭大学生自我和谐调查

目的了解离异家庭大学生自我和谐情况,从而为离异家庭大学生自我和谐提供建议。方法采用自我和谐量表(SCCS),选取泰山学院38名离异家庭大学生为研究对象,抽取172名完整家庭大学生为参照系。结果与常模差异性检验,离异家庭大学生的"自我的灵活性"与"自我的刻板性"存在显著的差异(t=4.88,5.02;P<0.01);不同性别、不同年龄的离异家庭大学生在"自我和谐"总分及3个因子上不存在显著差异;离异家庭大学生的"自我的刻板性"和"自我的灵活性"与非离异家庭大学生存在显著的差异(t=5.23,-4.56;P<0.01)。结论离异家庭大学生自我和谐度低于正常家庭大学生,尤其在"自我的灵活性"和"自我的刻板性"上存在一定问题。